Systems and Methods for Assessing the Compliance of a Computer Across a Network

ABSTRACT

The disclosed principles describe systems and methods for assessing the security posture of a target device, wherein the assessment is performed by a scanning computer in communication with the target device via a communication network. By employing a system or method in accordance with the disclosed principles, distinct advantages are achieved. Specifically, conducting such a remote scan allows for the scanner computer to perform a remote scan of the remote device without installing client software to the remote device. Thus, the disclosed principles reduce the need for internal IT resources to manage the deployment and updates of client software on the target device. Also, conducting a remote scan according to the disclosed principles allows for the remote scan to be performed even if the scanner computer and remote device run different operating systems.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of and claims priority to commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/483,813, filed Apr. 10, 2017, and entitled, “Systems and methods for assessing the compliance of a computer across a network,” which is a continuation of and claims priority to commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/018,272, filed Feb. 8, 2016, and entitled, “Systems and methods for assessing the compliance of a computer across a network”, which is a continuation of and claims priority to commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/942,321, filed Jul. 15, 2013, and entitled, “Systems and methods for assessing the compliance of a computer across a network”, which is a continuation of and claims priority to commonly-assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/580,982, filed Oct. 16, 2009, and entitled, “Systems and methods for assessing the compliance of a computer across a network”, which is a nonprovisional of and claims priority to commonly-assigned U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/106,011, filed Oct. 16, 2008, and entitled, “System and method for assessing the compliance of a computer across a network”, all of which are commonly assigned with the present application and herein incorporated by reference in entirety for all purposes.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Disclosed embodiments herein relate generally to electronic device security, and more particularly to systems and methods for remotely scanning a target device to perform an assessment of the device security.

BACKGROUND

Computer networks offer users ease and efficiency in exchanging information. Computer networks are typically comprised of integrated servers, routers, terminals and other components, interoperating and sharing information. Such networks manage a growing list of a variety of needs including transportation, commerce, energy management, communications, and defense.

Unfortunately, the very interoperability and sophisticated integration of technology that make computer networks such valuable assets also make them vulnerable to attack, and make dependence on networks a potential liability. Numerous examples of planned network attacks, such as viruses, worms, and spyware have shown how interconnectivity can be used to spread harmful program code. In addition, public or open network architectures, such as the Internet, permit hackers to have access to information on many different computers. These malicious attackers attempt to gain access to messages generated by a user's computer and to the resources of the user's computer, as well as to use knowledge regarding the operations of the protocol stack and operating systems of users' computers in an effort to gain access to their computers without authorization. Such illicit activity presents a significant security risk to any computer coupled to a network where a user for one computer may attempt to gain unauthorized access to resources on another computer of the network. Furthermore, organized groups have performed malicious and coordinated attacks against various large online targets.

When assessing the security posture of an endpoint device such as a computer terminal or workstation, scanning software is used to conduct tests for the existence of software components containing object code vulnerable to malicious attacks. For such security assessments, there are two methods for the runtime deployment of such scanning software. The first method is when the scanning software is deployed using a server in a client-server architecture. In this type of deployment, the scanning software conducts a network-based assessment of the target system, without any software installed on the endpoint computer device. Such a technique may be known as remote scanning. The second method is when the scanning software is deployed on the local target system. In this type of deployment, the entire scanning software is a “thick client” installed on the local device that contains the scanning engine. Such a technique may be known as local scanning.

There are advantages and disadvantages associated with both methods of scanning. The primary advantage of remote scanning is that it does not require software to be installed at the target local system. On the other hand, local scanning requires dedicated IT resources for managing the deployment and updates of client software on the endpoint devices. To this point in time, an additional limitation of remote scanning has been that the use of standard assessment software has required that the server be running the same operating system as the endpoint computer device. Otherwise, if the server and local target computer are running different operating systems, custom non-standard assessment software must be used to compensate for the incompatibility of the two different operating systems. Accordingly, what is needed is a technique for remotely assessing the security of a computer which allows standard assessment software written for one operating system to execute on a computer different from the one being assessed, without requiring any changes in the standard assessment software.

SUMMARY

Disclosed herein are methods and related systems for conducting a scan on a target device across a computer network. In one embodiment, such a method may comprise providing a scanner computer in communication with a communication network, providing a target device in communication with the communication network, and establishing a network connection between the scanner computer and the target device across the communication network. Such an exemplary method may also comprise loading a plurality of assessment rules into a memory location on the scanner computer. Also, the method may include requesting data items from the target device via function calls originating at a standard assessment library residing on the scanner computer, receiving the data items from the target device at the scanner computer via the communication network, and passing the data items to the standard assessment library. Then such a method may include analyzing the data items according to the plurality of assessment rules at the standard assessment library to assess a current posture of the target device.

In another embodiment, a system for conducting a scan on a target device across a computer network may be provided. In this exemplary embodiment, the system may comprise a scanner computer in communication with a communication network, wherein the scanner computer comprises a scanner engine, as well as a target device in communication with the communication network. In such an embodiment, the scanner engine could be configured to establish a network connection between the scanner computer and the target device across the communication network, and load a plurality of assessment rules into a memory location on the scanner computer. The scanner engine may also be configured to request data items from the target device via function calls originating at a standard assessment library residing on the scanner computer, receive the data items from the target device at the scanner computer via the communication network, and then pass the data items to the standard assessment library. The scanner engine may then analyze the data items according to the plurality of assessment rules at the standard assessment library to assess a current posture of the target device.

In a further embodiment, a method for conducting a scan on a target device across a computer network may be provide, and may comprise providing a scanner computer in communication with a communication network, wherein the scanner computer implements a first operating system, and providing a target device in communication with the communication network, wherein the target device implements a second operating system. Such a method may also include establishing a network connection between the scanner computer and the target device across the communication network, as well as loading a plurality of assessment rules by a standard assessment library into a memory location on the scanner computer, wherein the standard assessment library is designed to operate on the second operating system. The method may further include requesting data items from the target device via function calls originating at the standard assessment library, and adapting the function calls to conform with a network protocol supported by the target device, wherein adapting the function calls is performed by an adaptation layer. Then this exemplary method may include receiving the data items from the target device at the scanner computer via the communication network, wherein receiving the data items is controlled by a network transport layer, and then passing the data items to the standard assessment library. The method may then provide for analyzing the data items in accordance with the plurality of assessment rules at the standard assessment library to assess a current posture of the target device.

In yet another embodiment, a system for conducting a scan on a target device across a computer network may be provided, and may comprise a scanner computer in communication with a communication network, wherein the scanner computer implements a first operating system, and a target device in communication with the communication network, wherein the target device implements a second operating system. This embodiment of a system may then include a scanner engine residing on the scanner computer, wherein the scanner engine comprises an assessment runtime supervisor operable to establish a network connection between the scanner computer and the target device across the communication network, and a standard assessment library operable to load a plurality of assessment rules into a memory location on the scanner computer, and further operable to execute function calls requesting data items from the target device. The scanner engine may also include an adaptation layer operable to adapt the function calls to conform with a network protocol supported by the target device, and a network transport layer operable to receive the data items from the target device at the scanner computer via the communication network. Still further, a system according to this exemplary embodiment may have the assessment runtime supervisor further operable to pass the received data items to the standard assessment library, and the standard assessment library further operable to analyze the data items in accordance with the plurality of assessment rules to assess a current posture of the target device.

In some embodiments, a computing apparatus is provided comprising: at least one memory comprising instructions; and at least one processing device configured for executing the instructions that, when executed, cause the at least one processing device to perform operations of: establishing a remote network connection between the computing apparatus and first and second target devices, wherein the first target device is associated with a first operating system executable on the first target device, and wherein the second target device is associated with a second operating system executable on the second target device; determining, based on accessing a security assessment library in communication with the computing apparatus, function calls to request data items from the first and second target devices; determining a first application programming interface (API) associated with the first target device; determining a second API associated with the second target device; adapting the function calls to conform with the first API associated with the first target device, thereby resulting in first adapted function calls; adapting the function calls to conform with the second API associated with the second target device, thereby resulting in second adapted function calls; transmitting, using a network communication system of the computing apparatus, the first and second adapted function calls to the first and second target devices, respectively; and receiving the requested data items associated with each of the first and second target devices, wherein the requested data items are used to perform a security-related assessment for each of the first and second target devices based on assessment rules accessible by the computing apparatus.

In some embodiments, the computing apparatus of claim 21, wherein the first operating system is different from the second operating system.

In some embodiments, the first adapted function calls are substantially equivalent to the second adapted function calls.

In some embodiments, the assessment rules comprises common assessment rules, and wherein the common assessment rules are used to perform the security-related assessments of both the first and second target devices.

In some embodiments, the first function calls are adapted to comply with a first network protocol supported by the first target device.

In some embodiments, the computing apparatus comprises an API adaptation component, wherein the API adaptation component is used by the computing apparatus for adapting the function calls to conform with the first API associated with the first target device, thereby resulting in the first adapted function calls, and for adapting the function calls to conform with the second API associated with the second target device, thereby resulting in the second adapted function calls.

In some embodiments, the API adaptation component emulates a linker symbol associated with the security assessment library when adapting the function calls.

In some embodiments, the network communication device comprises, is comprised in, or is associated with a network transport layer associated with the computing apparatus.

In some embodiments, the computing apparatus comprises or is comprised in a cloud-based computing agent.

In some embodiments, the computing apparatus is located remotely from the first and second target devices.

In some embodiments, transmitting, using the network communication system of the computing apparatus, the first function calls to the first target device, comprises executing, by at least one of the computing apparatus or the first target device, the first adapted function calls.

In some embodiments, another computing apparatus is provided for transmitting adapted function calls, the computing apparatus comprises means for establishing a remote network connection between the computing apparatus and first and second target devices, wherein the first target device is associated with a first operating system executable on the first target device, and wherein the second target device is associated with a second operating system executable on the second target device; means for accessing a security assessment library; means for determining function calls to request data items from the first and second target devices; means for determining a first application programming interface (API) associated with the first target device; means for determining a second API associated with the second target device; means for adapting the function calls to conform with the first API associated with the first target device, thereby resulting in first adapted function calls; means for adapting the function calls to conform with the second API associated with the second target device, thereby resulting in second adapted function calls; means for transmitting the first and second adapted function calls to the first and second target devices, respectively; and means for receiving the requested data items associated with each of the first and second target devices, wherein the requested data items are used to perform a security-related assessment for each of the first and second target devices based on assessment rules accessible by the computing apparatus or a second computing apparatus.

In some embodiments, a method comprises establishing a network connection between a computing apparatus and first and second target devices, wherein the first target device is associated with a first operating system executable on the first target device, and wherein the second target device is associated with a second operating system executable on the second target device; determining, based on accessing a security assessment library in communication with the computing apparatus, function calls to request data items from the first and second target devices; determining a first application programming interface (API) or a first device-specific or network-specific characteristic associated with the first target device; determining a second API or a second device-specific or network-specific characteristic associated with the second target device; adapting the function calls to conform with the first API or the first device-specific or network-specific characteristic associated with the first target device, thereby resulting in first adapted function calls; adapting the function calls to conform with the second API or the second device-specific or network-specific characteristic associated with the second target device, thereby resulting in second adapted function calls; transmitting, using a network communication system of the computing apparatus, the first and second adapted function calls to the first and second target devices, respectively; and receiving the requested data items associated with each of the first and second target devices, wherein the requested data items are used to perform a security-related assessment for each of the first and second target devices based on assessment rules accessible by the computing apparatus or a second computing apparatus.

In some embodiments, the computing apparatus is located in a cloud network, and wherein the computing apparatus comprises or is comprised in a cloud-based computing agent.

In some embodiments, the first device-specific or network-specific characteristic associated with the first target device comprises a first network protocol supported by the first target device.

In some embodiments, the first device-specific or network-specific characteristic associated with the first target device comprises a first operating system associated with the first target device.

In some embodiments, the computing apparatus comprises an adaptation component, wherein the adaptation component is used by the computing apparatus for adapting the function calls to conform with the first API or the first device-specific or network-specific characteristic associated with the first target device, thereby resulting in the first adapted function calls, and for adapting the function calls to conform with the second API or the second device-specific or network-specific characteristic associated with the second target device, thereby resulting in the second adapted function calls.

In some embodiments, the adaptation component comprises an API adaption component.

In some embodiments, the security-related assessment is performed by the computing apparatus or the second computing apparatus, wherein the second computing apparatus is in communication with the computing apparatus.

In some embodiments, transmitting, using the network communication system of the computing apparatus, the first function calls to the first target device, comprises executing, by at least one of the computing apparatus or the first target device, the first adapted function calls.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a high level block diagram of one embodiment of a system constructed in accordance with the disclosed principles;

FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of one embodiment of the application program in accordance with the disclosed principles; and

FIG. 3 illustrates a process flow diagram of an exemplary assessment of a target device conducted using the techniques of the disclosed principles.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The disclosed principles describe a system and method for assessing the security posture of a target device, wherein the assessment is performed by a scanning computer in communication with the target device via a communication network. By employing a system or method in accordance with the disclosed principles, at least two distinct advantages are achieved. Specifically, conducting a remote scan according to the disclosed principles allows for the scanner computer to perform a remote scan of the remote device without installing client software to the remote device. Conducting a remote scan according to the disclosed principles reduces the need for internal IT resources to manage the deployment and updates of client software on the target device. A purely local scanner engine requires installation, activation and updating at the local level, whereas the approach of the disclosed principles eliminates such a requirement as well. Secondly, conducting a remote scan according to the disclosed principles allows for the remote scan to be performed even if the scanner computer and remote device run different operating systems. Further advantages of the disclosed principles will be discussed in connection with FIGS. 1-3.

FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of the current application. As shown in FIG. 1, scanner computer 100 is connected to target device 110 via a communication network 120. The scanner computer 100 is where the scanning application program resides. The target device 110 can be any endpoint device connected to a network such as a computer or mobile communication device. The network 120 can be any network connecting two devices, such as a Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN), or the Internet. One specific advantage of the disclosed principles is that the scanner computer 100 and the target device 110 do not have to be utilizing the same operating system to implement the scan and assessment provided in accordance with the disclosed principles. While a single target device 110 is illustrated in FIG. 1, the disclosed principles and techniques are of course expandable to multiple remote target devices 110.

FIG. 2 illustrates exemplary components of the application program 200. In preparation for the assessment, the application program 200 is compiled and linked. More specifically, the application program 200 may be comprised of: the standard assessment library 220, the API adaptation layer 240, the network transport layer 250 and the assessment runtime supervisor 210. An advantageous component provided by systems and methods implemented according to the disclosed principles is the design of the API adaptation layer 240. More specifically, linker symbols typically required by the standard assessment library 220 to access operating system functions are emulated by the API adaptation layer 240. This allows the standard assessment library 220 to execute its assessment code on an operating system different from the one it was designed to run on.

The assessment runtime supervisor 210 controls the overall assessment. In an exemplary embodiment, the standard assessment library 220, in source code form, is designed to be run on the same operating system running on the target device 110. A set of assessment rules 230, which describe how the target computer or other device 110 is to be assessed, is input into the standard assessment library 220. The API adaptation layer 240 provides the services requested by the standard assessment library 220. The network transport layer 250 adapts the services provided by the API adaptation layer 240 to comply with a network protocol supported by the target device 110.

In preferred embodiments, the application program 200 is installed on the scanner computer 100, along with the assessment rules 230. The scanner computer 200 is then connected to the target device 110 via a computer network 120, as shown in FIG. 1. Of course, other configurations following the disclosed principles are also possible.

Assessment of the target device 110 is performed as shown in the flowchart of FIG. 3. The application program 200 is started (step 300) on the scanner computer 100 and provided with the network address and login credentials of the target device 110. The application program 200 grants control to the assessment runtime supervisor 210 to set up the assessment environment and create a network connection to the target connection (step 310).

Control is then granted (step 320) to the standard assessment library 220 which loads the assessment rules 230 into memory (step 330) and starts executing the assessment of the target device 110. While doing so, it calls API functions (step 340) for the operating system of the target device 110 that operate to obtain data items required for the assessment. Those API function calls are emulated (step 350) by the API adaptation layer 240, which implements those API functions by converting them into function calls compatible with the network transport layer 250. The network transport layer 250 then performs network transactions (step 360) using the network API provided by the target computer 110.

The result of each network transaction is a data item which is passed back (step 370) to the standard assessment library 220, which uses the received data to perform the assessment (step 380). One benefit of this arrangement of layers is that the standard assessment library 220, which was originally designed to run directly on the target operating system and uses API calls of that system, can now be used for assessment on a different operating system without having to modify the standard assessment library 220 or the associated assessment rules 230.

As demonstrated by the above exemplary process, by employing a system or method in accordance with the disclosed principles, at least two distinct advantages are achieved over conventional remote scanning techniques. Specifically, conducting a remote scan according to the disclosed principles allows for the scanner computer to perform a remote scan of the remote target device without installing client software to the remote device. Therefore, conducting a remote scan according to the disclosed principles reduces the need for internal IT resources to manage the deployment and updates of client software on the target device. A purely local scanner engine requires installation, activation and updating at the local level, whereas the approach of the disclosed principles eliminates such a requirement.

Additionally, conducting a remote scan according to the disclosed principles allows for the remote scan to be performed even if the scanner computer and remote device run different operating systems. As described above, the function calls requesting the specific data from the target device(s) are emulated such that they are compatible with the operating system of the target device(s). Notably, this allows the scanner computer and its related components to run on an operating system more advantageous for server-based systems, while the target devices, which are typically client terminals, to run on operating systems more beneficial for local terminals. Moreover, even multiple target devices running operating systems different among each other may still be scanned and assessed using systems and methods implemented in accordance with the disclosed principles. Furthermore, the adaptation layer provides ability to optimize performance of the assessment process by enabling the implementation that uses this method to cache results of certain operations that produce static output, and provide cached results upon subsequent executions of these operations. Examples of such operations are various name lookups, enumerations of containers, various types of tree traversals (such as file system).

While various embodiments of the disclosed principles have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of the invention(s) should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with any claims and their equivalents issuing from this disclosure. Furthermore, the above advantages and features are provided in described embodiments, but shall not limit the application of such issued claims to processes and structures accomplishing any or all of the above advantages.

Additionally, the section headings herein are provided for consistency with the suggestions under 37 C.F.R. 1.77 or otherwise to provide organizational cues. These headings shall not limit or characterize the invention(s) set out in any claims that may issue from this disclosure. Specifically and by way of example, although the headings refer to a “Technical Field,” such claims should not be limited by the language chosen under this heading to describe the so-called technical field. Further, a description of a technology in the “Background” is not to be construed as an admission that technology is prior art to any invention(s) in this disclosure. Neither is the “Summary” to be considered as a characterization of the invention(s) set forth in issued claims. Furthermore, any reference in this disclosure to “invention” in the singular should not be used to argue that there is only a single point of novelty in this disclosure. Multiple inventions may be set forth according to the limitations of the multiple claims issuing from this disclosure, and such claims accordingly define the invention(s), and their equivalents, that are protected thereby. In all instances, the scope of such claims shall be considered on their own merits in light of this disclosure, but should not be constrained by the headings set forth herein. 

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A computing apparatus comprising: at least one memory comprising instructions; and at least one processing device configured for executing the instructions that, when executed, cause the at least one processing device to perform operations of: establishing a remote network connection between the computing apparatus and first and second target devices, wherein the first target device is associated with a first operating system executable on the first target device, and wherein the second target device is associated with a second operating system executable on the second target device; determining, based on accessing a security assessment library in communication with the computing apparatus, function calls to request data items from the first and second target devices; determining a first application programming interface (API) associated with the first target device; determining a second API associated with the second target device; adapting the function calls to conform with the first API associated with the first target device, thereby resulting in first adapted function calls; adapting the function calls to conform with the second API associated with the second target device, thereby resulting in second adapted function calls; transmitting, using a network communication system of the computing apparatus, the first and second adapted function calls to the first and second target devices, respectively; and receiving the requested data items associated with each of the first and second target devices, wherein the requested data items are used to perform a security-related assessment for each of the first and second target devices based on assessment rules accessible by the computing apparatus or a second computing apparatus.
 22. The computing apparatus of claim 21, wherein the first operating system is different from the second operating system.
 23. The computing apparatus of claim 21, wherein the first adapted function calls are substantially equivalent to the second adapted function calls.
 24. The computing apparatus of claim 21, wherein the assessment rules comprise common assessment rules, and wherein the common assessment rules are used to perform the security-related assessments of both the first and second target devices.
 25. The computing apparatus of claim 21, wherein the first function calls are adapted to comply with a first network protocol supported by the first target device, and wherein the second function calls are adapted to comply with a second network protocol supported by a second target device.
 26. The computing apparatus of claim 21, wherein the computing apparatus comprises an API adaptation component, wherein the API adaptation component is used by the computing apparatus for adapting the function calls to conform with the first API associated with the first target device, and for adapting the function calls to conform with the second API associated with the second target device.
 27. The computing apparatus of claim 26, wherein the API adaptation component emulates a linker symbol associated with the security assessment library when adapting the function calls.
 28. The computing apparatus of claim 21, wherein the network communication device comprises, is comprised in, or is associated with a network transport layer associated with the computing apparatus.
 29. The computing apparatus of claim 21, wherein the computing apparatus comprises or is comprised in a cloud-based computing agent.
 30. The computing apparatus of claim 21, wherein the computing apparatus is located remotely from the first and second target devices.
 31. The computing apparatus of claim 21, wherein transmitting, using the network communication system of the computing apparatus, the first function calls to the first target device, comprises executing, by at least one of the computing apparatus or the first target device, the first adapted function calls.
 32. A computing apparatus for transmitting adapted function calls, comprising: means for establishing a remote network connection between the computing apparatus and first and second target devices, wherein the first target device is associated with a first operating system executable on the first target device, and wherein the second target device is associated with a second operating system executable on the second target device; means for accessing a security assessment library; means for determining function calls to request data items from the first and second target devices; means for determining a first application programming interface (API) associated with the first target device; means for determining a second API associated with the second target device; means for adapting the function calls to conform with the first API associated with the first target device, thereby resulting in first adapted function calls; means for adapting the function calls to conform with the second API associated with the second target device, thereby resulting in second adapted function calls; means for transmitting the first and second adapted function calls to the first and second target devices, respectively; and means for receiving the requested data items associated with each of the first and second target devices, wherein the requested data items are used to perform a security-related assessment for each of the first and second target devices based on assessment rules accessible by the computing apparatus or a second computing apparatus.
 33. A method comprising: establishing a network connection between a computing apparatus and first and second target devices, wherein the first target device is associated with a first operating system executable on the first target device, and wherein the second target device is associated with a second operating system executable on the second target device; accessing a security assessment library in communication with the computing apparatus; determining, based on accessing the security assessment library in communication with the computing apparatus, function calls to request data items from the first and second target devices; determining a first application programming interface (API) or a first device-specific or network-specific characteristic associated with the first target device; determining a second API or a second device-specific or network-specific characteristic associated with the second target device; adapting the function calls to conform with the first API or the first device-specific or network-specific characteristic associated with the first target device, thereby resulting in first adapted function calls; adapting the function calls to conform with the second API or the second device-specific or network-specific characteristic associated with the second target device, thereby resulting in second adapted function calls; transmitting, using a network communication system of the computing apparatus, the first and second adapted function calls to the first and second target devices, respectively; and receiving the requested data items associated with each of the first and second target devices, wherein the requested data items are used to perform a security-related assessment for each of the first and second target devices based on assessment rules accessible by the computing apparatus or a second computing apparatus.
 34. The method of claim 33, wherein the computing apparatus is located in a cloud network, and wherein the computing apparatus comprises or is comprised in a cloud-based computing agent.
 35. The method of claim 33, wherein the first device-specific or network-specific characteristic associated with the first target device comprises a first network protocol supported by the first target device.
 36. The method of claim 33, wherein the first device-specific or network-specific characteristic associated with the first target device comprises a first operating system associated with the first target device.
 37. The method of claim 33, wherein the computing apparatus comprises an adaptation component, wherein the adaptation component is used by the computing apparatus for adapting the function calls to conform with the first API or the first device-specific or network-specific characteristic associated with the first target device, and for adapting the function calls to conform with the second API or the second device-specific or network-specific characteristic associated with the second target device.
 38. The method of claim 37, wherein the adaptation component comprises an API adaption component.
 39. The method of claim 33, wherein the security-related assessment is performed by the computing apparatus or the second computing apparatus, and wherein the second computing apparatus is in communication with the computing apparatus.
 40. The method of claim 33, wherein transmitting, using the network communication system of the computing apparatus, the first function calls to the first target device, comprises executing, by at least one of the computing apparatus or the first target device, the first adapted function calls. 